A prototype unit in its final configuration at Elemaster.
Credits: MVM Collaboration
The first five pre-prototype units at Elemaster. Credits: MVM Collaboration
The rapid spread of COVID-19 has shown a scarcity of ventilators compared to the number of patients. Thus, on the initiative of Cristian Galbiati (GSSI and Princeton University) with Art McDonald (Queen’s University), the MVM Milano Mechanical Ventilator project has been launched. MVM is an innovative device for assisted breathing, based on an open access design, and widely available components for its easy large-scale production. MVM was born within the collaboration of GADM (Global Argon Dark Matter), engaged in experiments on dark matter at the INFN’s Gran Sasso Laboratories in Italy, and SNOLAB in Canada. The expertise in sophisticated experimental apparatuses for research in astroparticle physics has allowed the development in the field of complex control systems of gases, similar to those used in lung ventilators.The project has the support of groups from universities and research institutes in Europe, Canada and USA. Bringing the MVM ventilator to patients requires a collaboration that goes beyond the field of particle physics. Thus, scientists , clinicians and companies such as Elemaster collaborate on the project. Members of the MVM International Collaboration have activated a crowdfunding campaign.
— CANCELLED/POSTPONED, please check the website of the event for further information —
RICAP-20 will be the eight edition of the RICAP Conference and will take place from June 30th to July 3rd, 2020 in Roma, Italy. The acronym stands for Roma International Conference on Astro-Particle physics, the Conference is entirely dedicated to the study of high energy cosmic rays and it is organized by the three public Universities of Roma (University “Roma Tre”, University “La Sapienza” and University “Tor Vergata”). These Institutions provide both theoretical and experimental contributions, and participate to major experimental projects in the field (AGILE, AMS, ANTARES, ARGO, Auger, CTA, Fermi, JEM-EUSO, KM3NeT, NEMO, PAMELA,…). The Conference is held every two years and in 2020 will be held at the Physics Department of the University “La Sapienza”.
The aim of the Conference will be to present and discuss some of the most relevant theoretical and experimental results in the field of high energy cosmic rays (gamma, neutrinos, charged cosmic rays). Special attention will be paid to the multi-messenger search for high energy cosmic rays sources, including gravitational wave searches. A special session will be dedicated to Dark Matter search. The Conference will give the opportunity to collect experimental results from presently operating experiments. Experiments in progress and future projects will be discussed, debating on the different features and on sensitivities. Particular relevance will be given to the discussion of the open questions in high energy Astroparticle Physics
— CANCELLED/POSTPONED, please check the website of the event for further information —
The 16th Patras Workshop on Axions, WIMPs and WISPs will be held in Trieste (Italy) from 20 to 26 June 2020. The nature and composition of Dark Matter and Dark Energy are two of the most pressing mysteries of frontier physics, and research in these fields is presently gathering increasing momentum and attracting the efforts of scientists from many international institutions. The “16th Patras Workshop on Axions, WIMPs and WISPs” is the latest event in an annual series of conferences, started in 2005 at CERN. This workshop is aiming to continue the rich and successful series, reviewing recent theoretical advances, laboratory experiments, novel ideas as well as astrophysical and cosmological results in the fields of axions, WIMPs and WISPs. Participation by young scientists is strongly encouraged.
The European Consortium for Astroparticle Theory (EuCAPT) invited all scientists (PhD students, postdocs, and staff) affiliated to a European institution, and active in Theoretical Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology, to participate in the “1st EuCAPT census” by filling an Indico registration form. 660 scientists responded to this call and completed the census between January 13 and 31, 2020. This number shows the strong interest in Europe-wide coordination of Theoretical Astroparticle Physics and Cosmology. The data collected offer a first snapshot of the research interests of the Astroparticle and Cosmology theory community. The key-findings are summarized here.
In total 55 nationalities are represented, with more then half from four countries: UK, Italy, Spain and Germany. These are also the countries where around half of the scientists are working. We note however that the geographic and topic distribution might be biased by the channels used to advertise the census. Looking at the positions, the majority of registrants are currently faculty members. EuCAPT will make an effort to reach out to younger scientists and encourage them to join. EuCAPT will also try reach out to those communities which appear under-represented in the census, in particular low-energy neutrino astronomy and nuclear astronomy. The percentage of female scientists is only 20%, a disappointing result that however appears consistent with data from the American Physical Society and the UK Institute of Physics, and thus probably reflects the actual gender distribution in our community.
EuCAPT will now effectively start the process of consolidating and coordinating the relevant scientific community.
Part of the activities of EuCAPT is a monthly virtual colloquium which will start on March 3. The following presentations are already planned:
March 3, 11 am – Joachim Kopp
April 7, 11am – Samaya Nissanke
May 5, 11am – Licia Verde
Further information and details on how to connect will be announced on the EuCAPT website.
There will also be an annual symposium, the first one to be held at CERN from September 30 to October 2. For more details see: https://indico.cern.ch/event/853904/
We encourage those who have not completed the census but want to be informed about EuCAPT, to sign up at https://www.eucapt.org/census
Interview with Marco Cirelli, Caterina Doglioni, Gaia Lanfranchi and Florian Reindl
In October 2019 the first Joint ECFA – NuPECC – APPEC Seminar (JENAS) took place in Orsay, close to Paris, where a call has been issued for novel Expressions-of-Interest. Following this call a group of Dark Matter scientists have drafted an open EoI to gather the broader dark matter community. Among others (see full list here), Marco Cirelli, Caterina Doglioni, Gaia Lanfranchi and Florian Reindl initiated the “Initiative for Dark Matter in Europe and beyond: Towards facilitating communication and result sharing in the Dark Matter community (iDMEu)”. In this interview they present their ideas and aims for this EoI.
You are working in various countries and experiments. Where and how did you come up with the idea for the EoI?
Florian: The idea of this EoI was born at the JENAS meeting, which took place in October last year in Orsay.
Marco: Yes, although I knew many of my colleagues from previous meetings, the JENAS workshop was just the concrete occasion that allowed us to meet in person and the idea of an EoI to emerge.
Florian: The main spirit of this meeting was the wish to strengthen the bonds between the different communities, working on fundamentally different approaches to detect DM (e.g. direct, indirect and collider searches, but also fixed-target, beam-dump and dedicated axion/ALP experiments). We are all working on dark matter in different countries, for different experiments and in different communities, but agreed that even in the dark matter community a common “platform” to share ideas, data etc. is missing. This was the starting point which evolved in the EoI.
Caterina: We see this EoI as a platform to bring together different existing efforts. An effort is, for instance, the LHC Dark Matter Forum / Dark Matter Working Group, where LHC theorists and experimentalists are connecting LHC results on WIMPs to direct and indirect detection experiments. In the LHC community there is also a growing wish to expand the DM menu beyond WIMPs, both conceiving new models and finding new experimental signatures.
Gaia: When we first discussed in Orsay, I immediately understood the importance of the initiative and I supported it. For me it represents the natural evolution of my activity within the Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) study group. The PBC was launched by the CERN management in 2017 with the aim to investigate the potential of the CERN accelerator complex and scientific infrastructure for projects aiming to answer the same fundamental questions as those at colliders but requiring a different type of beams and experiments. To investigate the nature of DM beyond the WIMP paradigm was already part of this effort. The PBC study group gathered together colleagues from collider, beam dump, fixed target, axion/ALP experiments, and astroparticle to explore synergies and complementarities of different theoretical and experimental approaches.
What are your aims and how you want to realize them?
This image shows the galaxy cluster Abell 1689, with the mass distribution of the dark matter in the gravitational lens overlaid (in purple).(Credit: NASA, ESA, E. Jullo (JPL/LAM), P. Natarajan (Yale) and J-P. Kneib (LAM))
Florian: Nowadays, dark matter is commonly accepted as one of the fundamental open questions of physics. Therefore, we see the community quickly growing and approaching the dark matter problem from very different angles experimentally like theoretically. The result is a very active and lively, but also very diverse community. The idea of the EoI is to bring all those people together to take full advantage of all we “know” about dark matter already and to also make full use of cross-links for future work. The EoI is intended to show that there is a broad interest of the actors in the field to actually do this. It is also meant as a basis to jointly work on a concrete implementation.
Gaia: The origin and nature of DM is one of the deepest mysteries in particle physics today and we need to attack this problem from different fronts. Theory wise, we need to understand which other relevant hypotheses about the DM nature should be considered beyond the standard WIMP paradigm and how these hypotheses fit into a general theory framework. Two prominent examples are, for example, axions with masses in the micro-eV range or light DM with thermal origin in the MeV-GeV range. Experiment wise, we need to identify synergies and complementarities across different experimental approaches in order to enlarge the exploration as much as possible while optimising resources. In order to pursue these goals, first of all we need to develop a “common language”, which means to identify a common theory framework: theoretical and experimental physicists need to talk together in order to identify motivated benchmark models which could be tested experimentally. A first step in this direction was done within the Physics Beyond Colliders activity and allowed us to put together results from a wide variety of experimental efforts. This framework could be further improved with the help of the particle and astroparticle theory community and more experimental results can be included.
Caterina: Because we know so little about the nature of dark matter, I am keen to try to keep pursuing it from all directions. My own direction is the LHC, and I want to collaborate as much as possible with all others, experimentalists and theorists, who can point the community in the most promising directions towards a discovery. Since one of my passions at work is data acquisition and computing, I am also keen to connect the work of this initiative to that of the HEP Software Foundation, which facilitates collaboration and sharing of software; and to the ESCAPE project, a multi-collaboration effort across particle and astroparticle physics that aims to establish a collaborative cluster of scientific infrastructures that work together on Open Science implementations of our research tools.
Marco: I am a theorist, so I don’t work in any specific experimental collaboration. But as a theorist, I pay a lot of attention to results achieved by my experimental colleagues. The search for Dark Matter in recent years has literally boomed and expanded in a myriad of interesting directions, with many new theory ideas (at different mass scales, embedded in different frameworks or simply standalone) and many new experimental setups (ranging from tabletop to full-fledged international collaborations). This ‘explosion’ is of course positive and incredibly exciting, but also needs to be somewhat framed and patterned in order to be more efficient. To realize this, we want to rely on the work already produced in the different communities. We want to act at the ‘human relations’ level (conferences, meetings, cross-talks) and at the technical level (online repositories, sharing of results, common services).
You already have more than 200 endorsers. Do they represent the Particle-, Astroparticle- and Nuclear Physics Community? What are their main interests?
Florian: We have endorsers from all communities and also from experiment and theory. I would like to note that this EoI was born in Europe, but the EoI is not restricted to Europe and we find supporters all over the world. What brings us together is to solve the puzzle of dark matter.
Content of the Universe (credit: HAP / A. Chantelauze)
Gaia: Within the signatories I recognize the names of friends, colleagues, and distinguished physicists belonging to the three communities with a very broad spectrum of interests, from collider physics, to DM direct and indirect detection experiments, flavour physics, gravitational waves, and particle and astroparticle theory. I do believe that this excellent and broad mixture of different expertise will strengthen the EoI program.
Marco: In addition to the different scientific backgrounds, I can also recognize among the endorsers people at different career stages, ranging from some of the senior policy makers of the field to young postdocs and some PhD students. This, I think, is very healthy and shows the grassroots nature of the initiative.
Gaia: We are living a period of confusion in particle physics, old paradigms seem to be inadequate to answer fundamental questions, and new ones are still to be defined. Nevertheless I have seen in the last few years an increasing interest from people belonging to different communities to cross boundaries, talk together, exchange ideas and results, towards the common goal of understanding fundamental laws of Nature. Nature is the same for everyone. This EoI is the expression of an already existing and widespread movement in this direction and that is why it is getting a large support.
Marco: The diverse scientific interests and backgrounds are in a sense natural, since the Dark Matter problem is by its very nature transdisciplinary. In another sense, this also shows that many sub-communities are perhaps restructuring themselves in this period and that many colleagues that were working on other subfields are now reorienting their research towards Dark Matter.
Caterina: One of the key points of this initiative in my opinion is to be inclusive of everyone’s interests and voices. Many of these voices are already being heard in working groups where “expert work” is ongoing, such as DMWG and PBC, and we will rely on their work to set the direction and topics of the future steps. Even if we distributed the EoI link quite broadly, we may not have reached out to everyone who is interested. Therefore, this is by no means a “closed” list – we will turn this list of endorsers into a mailing list with an archive that will be on the indico page so that others can sign up along the way.
What do you expect that APPEC-ECFA-NuPECC organisations can do?
Marco: The organizations have already done a lot, just by making the interesting and highly non-trivial JENAS meeting possible, that spurted our initiative. By keeping the channels of communication open in between the communities (e.g. organizing other similar meetings, or providing logistical support to initiatives like ours) I think that these organizations can have a very positive role.
Gaia: We need help on several fronts. First of all, we need guidance from APPEC-ECFA-NuPPEC, to better understand what can be realistically done and with which priority. Second, the help of these organisations will also be invaluable to have this effort officially recognized in the Institutes of all active participants in order to:
have a framework in which this proposal can be developed;
get support for related activities (space/logistic/funding for meetings/conferences/workshops, setup of publicly accessible repositories where to store results/algorithms/webpages, etc);
improve the communication in two directions:
across the three scientific communities in order to spread information about events, discussions, and results,
towards the general public in order to convey a common message and present our research progress as a common story, as truly is.
Do you think your work can influence the EPPSU, and if not this one, maybe the next?
Group picture from JENAS-2019.
Caterina: Some of us proposing this EoI had also already worked together on the Briefing Book towards the update of the European Strategy of Particle Physics, where we wrote an “Outlook on synergies” in the Dark Matter chapter reflecting the wish for closer collaborations between the astroparticle, particle and nuclear physics in terms of common search targets and common tools (e.g. experimental technologies, shared software repositories…).
Gaia: there is already a widespread and large movement in the direction of work across theory-experiment and across different communities. This movement cannot be stopped at this stage, but certainly can be better organized. I hope that the ESPPU delegates will not miss the opportunity to further boost the already lively and rich particle, astroparticle and nuclear physics communities.
Caterina: There were already favourable steps in this direction in the 2013 strategy, which have led to the creation of initiatives such as EuCAPT, an astrophysics theory centre within CERN, whose help we’ve been relying on for the hosting of this EoI and further initiatives.
Marco: I don’t think that initiatives like ours are meant to ‘influence’ processes like the EPPSU. In some sense, we are just aiming to deal with the day-to-day business of Dark Matter research in a more streamlined way (creating links, putting in place technical tools, facilitating communication…) rather than devising the broad lines of the strategy. We are bold enough to think that Dark Matter is already a clear crucial priority of our field, and we would like to make the process of searching for it more efficient.
Caterina: This EoI is meant to encourage communication within a platform that will help DM researchers in Europe and worldwide, and will have useful practical outcomes such as common repositories and shared outreach material.
What will be the next steps?
Florian: We have some next steps sketched at our indico page. I think the most important one is a kick-off meeting organized at CERN (with an available remote connection), which will be followed up by meetings at upcoming conferences and workshops.
Marco:The kick-off meeting will be an occasion to further understand the work that is already being done in many working groups aimed at structuring DM searches in different subfields. Then we will discuss the next steps with the community of endorsers.
Florian: We also plan to establish a common repository to share experimental data (or use existing repositories) coming along with frameworks for their theoretical interpretation. Also, we will from the beginning work together on public outreach, such as e.g. the international dark matter day.
Gaia: My personal opinion is that in a first stage we should rely on existing activities and facilitate communication among them. As far as I am concerned, I will further boost the work done within the Physics Beyond Colliders study group during the workshop FIPs 2020 organized at CERN in May 2020. At this meeting, we will discuss, among other topics, results and prospects for light DM and axion searches with a wide variety of experimental techniques and with the help of renowned theoretical and experimental experts in these fields. I know that a similar effort is being done within the DM@LHC workshop and I have been invited to their annual meeting in June 2020 at DESY to discuss possible synergies. We hope to be present at the APPEC, ECFA and NuPPEC town meetings and to establish an annual meeting of iDMEu.
Further reading:
Initiative for Dark Matter in Europe and beyond iDMEu
Marco Cirelli is a senior CNRS researcher at the Laboratory of Theoretical and High Energy Physics (LPTHE) of Sorbonne University, in Paris. He obtained his PhD from Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa, Italy, in 2004 and subsequently worked at Yale University, Saclay and CERN. From a background as a particle theorist, he slowly drifted towards astroparticle theory and cosmology. His interests have been revolving around the issue of Dark Matter for the past 15 years. In particular he focuses on searches using charged cosmic rays (positrons, antiprotons, antinuclei), high-energy gamma rays and neutrinos. From 2012 to 2018 he has led the ERC project “NewDark” (New Directions in Dark Matter Phenomenology at the TeV scale).
Caterina Doglioni
Caterina Doglioni is a senior lecturer at Lund University (Sweden). She completed her PhD on QCD physics at the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2011 in Oxford. Her interest in physics beyond the Standard Model and Dark Matter was developed during her postdoctoral research position at the University of Geneva (2011-2015) and subsequently at Lund University (2015-now). She is the PI of the DARKJETS ERC Starting Grant, and she is supported by the Swedish Research Council. Throughout her career, she has been driven by finding out more about the constituents of matter as well as by the challenges related to the “big science” needed to study them. The Large Hadron Collider is the perfect scientific environment to combine the two: with her group and colleagues she works on the challenges that a data-rich research environment presents for discoveries of rare processes at ATLAS (more information about dark matter at ATLAS). She has been one of the Dark Matter Forum and Dark Matter Working Group organizers from 2014 to 2018, and ATLAS Astroparticle Forum convenor from 2016 to 2018. She is currently the chair of the Swedish Physics Society Board for Particle and Astroparticle Physics, a member of the coordination team of the HEP Software Foundation (HSF), as well as HSF trigger and reconstruction working group coordinator.
(Photo credits: Lena Björk Blixt)
Gaia Lanfranchi
Gaia Lanfranchi is a senior researcher at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati of the INFN.
After about 15 years of activity in flavor physics within the LHCb collaboration where she had several roles of coordination and responsibility, in 2014 she moved her scientific interest towards the study of feebly-interacting hidden sectors. She has been convener of the Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) working group of the Physics Beyond Colliders activity at CERN and member of the BSM @ Colliders working group of the Physics Preparatory Group which provided input to the current European Strategy for Particle Physics update. She is one of the proponents and project leader of the muon system of the SHiP experiment proposed at the Beam Dump Facility at CERN.
Florian Reindl
Florian Reindl is a researcher at the Technical University Vienna and the Institute for High Energy Physics (HEPHY) Vienna. He finished his PhD in 2016 in Munich (Max-Planck-Institute for Physics and Technical University) and worked at INFN Rome, before moving to Vienna. Since the beginning of his career he has been working in data analysis for the CRESST direct dark matter detection experiment serving as the CRESST analysis coordinator since several years. The main focus of his recent work was to explore very light dark matter particles. He is an initiator and the spokesperson of the COSINUS project which is currently under construction at the LNGS underground laboratory. COSINUS is based on CRESST low-temperature technology and aims to clarify the long-standing dark matter claim of the DAMA collaboration. The biggest event for Florian in 2020 will be to chair the identification of dark matter (IDM) conference in Vienna.
Over the past year, the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC) received mandate from the General Assembly to form a Dark Matter (DM) Direct Detection sub-committee, which is now ready to begin its work.
How to detect Dark Matter (credit: HAP / A. Chantelauze)
It is chaired by Leszek Roszkowski, who is supported by 12 experts from different fields covering relevant aspects of direct detection such as experiments targeting axion searches, LAr and LXe experiments, scintillating crystals, CCDs, theory and astronomy and cosmology connections, as well as connections with collider measurements.To aid in the discussions and to formulate concrete recommendations for the experimental effort in direct DM detection for the next decade, the DM Direct Detection committee is expected to provide an assessment of current and future scientific opportunities in non-accelerator DM searches, and to summarize the results in a written report.
The final report is expected to include:
The global context of DM particle searches, including the existing hints or evidence for DM particles, an inventory of alternatives for the particle nature of DM, and an inventory of present and best estimates of foreseen sensitivities of various techniques and how they compare to other than direct detection methods.
An inventory of existing DM experiments, with focus to Europe, and the technologies adopted by these, with current most competitive results.
A comparative SWOT analysis of existing, planned and proposed technologies for DM direct detection with the potential to surpass current sensitivities in the next decade with the eventual goal of reaching or surpassing the so-called neutrino floor.
An assessment of the required infrastructure in Europe, including maintenance and upgrades of existing facilities.
A list of likely technological and scientific synergies between the different direct detection technologies and with research and R&D outside of the field.
An inventory of physics, astronomy or other research that can be done in addition to DM direct detection with the various technologies. In addition, it would be important to discuss if such other research can be done even within the specifically proposed DM experiments. Synergies with other experiments of indirect, accelerator and cosmology DM searches should also be considered, including possible technical and R&D synergies, e.g. with CERN, other laboratories and industry.
Any other recommendations within the scope of DM direct searches, that the committee deems relevant.
The report is expected to be a useful and valuable resource not only for experts but also for a wider community of astroparticle physics and related research areas. It would therefore be welcome if the broader implications of low background physics and the search for rare events could also be discussed, as well as the relevance of the programme for the training of the next generation of researchers.
— CANCELLED/POSTPONED, please check the website of the event for further information —
The 27th European Cosmic Ray Symposium (ECRS 2020) will be held in Nijmegen, the Netherlands from July 13th to 17th, 2020.
The European Cosmic Ray Symposium is covering the following topics in Astroparticle Physics:
Cosmic-Ray Physics, Gamma-Ray Astronomy, Neutrino Astronomy, Dark Matter Physics, Solar and Heliospheric Physics, Astroparticle Physics Theory and Models as well as Experimental Methods, Techniques, and Instrumentation.
The scientific program will include invited plenary talks, solicited presentations in parallel sessions, and poster sessions. There will be awards for the best posters.
In January 2020 Phase 1 of the KM3NeT-France construction was successfully completed. About one year after the deployment of the first detector unit, the ORCA detector now comprises 6 detection units, each equipped with 18 sensor modules. A module houses 31 light sensors (photo-multiplier tubes) to record the faint Cherenkov light generated by charged particles in the sea water.
Two new detection units were installed the 24-26 January, 2.5 km below the sea surface at the KM3NeT/ORCA site located 40 km offshore from Toulon, France. Immediately after connection to the seafloor network the data taking started and downgoing cosmic ray muons came pouring in. Real time analysis of the new data also identified the first sample of candidate upgoing atmospheric neutrino events detected by ORCA6.
— CANCELLED/POSTPONED, please check the website of the event for further information —
The 9th International Conference on Acoustic and Radio EeV Neutrino Detection Activities will be hosted at Monasterio San Martin Pinario, Santiago de Compostela on May 26 – 29, 2020. ARENA 2020 will be the 9th International Conference in a series of events bringing together experts in the use of acoustic and radio techniques for the detection of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos.
The new amazing discoveries reported from high-energy neutrino, gamma-ray and gravitational wave detectors have started the exciting era of multi-messenger astronomy, opening a new window to the most extreme universe.
ARENA 2020 is the major bi-annual event for scientists to pioneer, develop and consolidate techniques for ultra-high-energy particle detection, paving the way to the future.
The workshop covers the following topics, comprising theory, simulation, and existing and future experiments:
Ultra-high-energy (UHE) cosmic-rays and neutrinos, theory of production.
Radio-detection of UHE neutrinos and cosmic rays.
Acoustic detection of UHE neutrinos and cosmic rays.
Experimental techniques of acoustic and radio detection.
Radio emission from particle showers in dense media/air (theory and simulation)
Related detection technologies (microwave, radar, ultrafast magnetic sensing…)
Interdisciplinary relations: radio and acoustic techniques used in other fields of science.
Artist’s impression of the binary neutron star merger observed by LIGO Livingston on April 25, 2019. Image credit: National Science Foundation/LIGO/Sonoma State University/A. Simonnet.
On April 25, 2019 a gravitational wave signal was observed by the gravitational-wave network that includes LIGO (the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory), funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the European Virgo detector. The signal, labelled GW190425, is the first event recorded and published during the third observation run O3. The source is most likely a binary neutron star merger. This would be only the second time this type of event has ever been observed in gravitational waves. However, it shows some important peculiarities: The total mass is larger than that of any known binary star system with neutrons in our galaxy. In addition, no electromagnetic counterpart was observed by the telescopes that gathered the alert sent by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration as it was the case for the first detected neutron star merger in August 2017. On January 6, 2020, the results were presented at the meeting of the American Astronomical Society and are submitted to The Astrophysical Journal Letters. See the full press release here.
The European Consortium for Astroparticle Theory (
